Реферат: This paper reviews the characteristics of the agricultural credit policy in Kazakhstan with a particular focus on emerging rural financial institutions. It is not easy to evaluate the real effect of credit policies due to the limited funds directed at agricultural production. Kazakhstani experience shows that commercial banks are used almost exclusively to provide agricultural producers with credit, while the new specialized credit institutions emerging in the agricultural sector only cater to a very small fraction of the total demand for credit. Presently, there are discussions in Kazakhstan concerning the creation of a specialized agricultural bank; however, this idea has some shortcomings that should be taken into consideration. Lack of credit is one of the main reasons for insufficient investment in agriculture. The underdeveloped land market in Kazakhstan makes formal credit institutions very cautious about accepting agricultural land as collateral.
Credit rationing of agricultural enterprises in Kazakhstan
Автор(ы): Гайсина Ш.*
Объем документа: С. 33-48
МРНТИ: 06.73.75
Ключевые слова: финансирование сельского хозяйства*кредитование*микроэкономический анализ*
Реферат: In this paper, micro- econometric analysis is used to analyze the determinants affecting access to credit. Results suggest the main determinants that predict whether an agricultural enterprise will be given credit are: size of a farm, the farm\'s productivity, and collateral.
Existential Poverty: Welfare Dependency, Learned Helplessness and Psychological Capital
Реферат: Being in existential poverty means living in a state of, or near, persistent material poverty while also being socially excluded, marginalized, or disadvantaged. It is a life-disempowering experience, one that privileges both immediacy over the future, and welfare over work. This results in learned helplessness, manifesting as a lack of will to take control of life. The existentialist explanation is that those in this mental state do not have an authentic way of life. Positive Psychology, and its offshoot, Positive Organizational Behavior, provide the cognitive change strategies that focus on building in people their sense of self-efficacy, optimism, hope, resilience, and subjective well-being, as well as their emotional intelligence, all of which are mental attributes that have demonstrable positive impacts on human performance. This can enable people to pursue gainful, meaningful, and sustained self-actualizing vocation, so lifting them out of persistent material poverty. The public policy challenges are (1) to determine whether it is in the public interest to redress the negative agental consequences of welfare dependency; (2) to redesign the features of social assistance programs that exacerbate learned helplessness amongst beneficiaries; and (3) to determine how best to reduce the psychologically incapacitating effects of welfare dependency.
Intellectual Capital Disclosures in the Annual Reports: A Comparative Study of the Indian and Australian IT-Corporations
Автор(ы): Бхасин М*
Объем документа: С. 379-402
МРНТИ: 06.81.23
Ключевые слова: управление знаниями*интеллектуальный капитал*информационные технологии*корпорации*
Реферат: This study attempts to provide an insight into the style of IC disclosures done by the top IT-sector corporations from India (a developing country) and Australia (a well-developed nation). In order to survey the recent IC disclosure practices, we conducted a comparative study of 16 Indian and 20 Australian corporations in which the \"content analysis\" was performed on their annual reports. The results of this study confirmed that IC disclosure by the corporations from these countries are found to be low, mostly reported in a narrative form, and IC disclosure had not received any preference from the mentors of these corporations.
Intellectual Capital Disclosure Scenario in India: An Empirical Study of IT Corporations
Реферат: At present, disclosure of IC information, across the globe, is done by very few leading corporations purely on a voluntary basis. This study attempts to provide an insight into the \"narrative\" style of IC disclosures done by the Indian corporations. Accordingly, a longitudinal study was carried out to analyze how three Indian firms--Reliance Industries Limited, Balrampur Chini Mills and Shree Cement Limited--measure and report their IC reports. The result of this study shows that IC disclosure by these corporations was almost negligible and they have stopped disclosing it. Moreover, IC disclosures had not received any preference from the mentors of these corporations
Corporate Governance Disclosure Practices in India: An Empirical Study
Реферат: This descriptive study is expected to serve as a pointer to the effectiveness of current CG disclosure practices especially in RIL, and the Indian corporate sector, in general. Despite some limitations, this case study will help us to pinpoint the effectiveness of CG practices followed by the Reliance group. Based on the findings of this study, we can conclude that RIL group is in the forefront of implementation of \"best CG practices in India,\" but some scope still exists for its improvement. It is worth mentioning here that RIL had won the \"Golden Peacock Global Award for Excellence in Corporate Governance\" for the year 2008.
Disclosure of Intellectual Capital in Annual Reports: An Empirical Study of the Indian IT Corporations
Реферат: The results of this study confirmed that IC disclosure in these IT corporations is almost negligible and its disclosure had not received any preference from the mentors of these corporations. IC reports may initially be used for \'internal\' management purposes; but an \'external\' stakeholder-focus of IC report should be the ultimate goal.
Disclosure of Intellectual Capital in Annual Reports: An Exploratory Study of Indian IT Corporations
Реферат: The results of this study confirmed that IC disclosure by these IT corporations is almost negligible and its disclosure had not received any preference from the mentors of these corporations. IC reports may initially be used for \'internal\' management purposes; but an \'external\' stakeholder-focus of IC report should be the ultimate goal.
Economic competitiveness and employee protections - a dichotomy? The World Bank\'s Rigidity of Employment Index in focus
Реферат: The paper provides an up-to-date assessment of current economic conditions in different countries and relates these to newly released World Bank data. Adds to the ongoing discourse about labor law and its relationship to economic prosperity.
Fund Rating Model Based on Finite Normal Mixture Distribution
Реферат: This paper proposes a new method of fund rating based on the cross-sectional distribution of fund performance measured by alpha. This distribution-based fund rating model is more flexible and provides more interesting results than current commercial fund rating method used by Morningstar. Unlike Morningstar\'s rating, this method does not use preset percentiles to rate funds. It is the distribution of alpha that dictates the number of performance groups in a given fund category and time period. The framework is based on the crucial assumption that the expected fund performance may be different, and the difference of the expected fund performance arises from the segmented market information and/or the differentiated ability of mangers to acquire and analyze information. The multimodal shape and formal normality tests prompt us to model the distribution of alpha by finite normal mixture model.
